// Copyright (C) 2017 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
// file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.

/**
 @page parser Flex/Bison parsers

@section parserIntro Parser background

Kea's data format of choice is JSON (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159), which
is used in configuration files, in the command channel and also when
communicating between DHCP servers and DHCP-DDNS component. It is almost certain
it will be used as the data format for any new features.

Historically, Kea used @ref isc::data::Element::fromJSON and @ref
isc::data::Element::fromJSONFile methods to parse received data that is expected
to be in JSON syntax. This in-house parser was developed back in the early BIND10
days. Its two main advantages were that it didn't have any external dependencies
and that it was already available in the source tree when the Kea project
started. On the other hand, it was very difficult to modify (several attempts to
implement more robust comments had failed) and not well implemented. Also, it
was pure JSON parser, so it accepted anything as long as the content was correct
JSON. This has led to other problems - the syntactic checks were conducted much
later, when some of the information (e.g. line numbers) was no longer
available. To print meaningful error messages for example, we had to develop a
way to store filename,line and column information. This on the other hand, led
to duplication. Anyway, this part of the processing is something we can refer to
as phase 1: get input string, parse it and generate a tree of @ref
isc::data::Element objects.

That Element tree was then processed by set of dedicated parsers.  Each parser
was able to handle its own context, e.g. global, subnet list, subnet, pool
etc. This step took the tree generated in the earlier step, parsed it and
generated output configuration (e.g. @ref isc::dhcp::SrvConfig) or dynamic
structures (e.g. isc::data::Host). There were a large number of parser objects
derived from @ref isc::dhcp::DhcpConfigParser) instantiated for each scope and
instance of data (e.g. to parse 1000 host reservation entries a thousand of
dedicated parsers were created).  For convenience, this step is called phase 2.

Other issues with the old parsers are discussed here: @ref dhcpv6ConfigParserBison
(this section is focused on DHCPv6, but the same issues affected DHCPv4 and D2)
and here: http://kea.isc.org/wiki/SimpleParser.


@section parserBisonIntro Flex/Bison based parser

To solve the issue of phase 1 mentioned earlier, a new parser has been developed
that is based on flex and bison tools. The following text uses DHCPv6 as an
example, but the same principle applies to DHCPv4 and D2 and CA will likely to
follow. The new parser consists of two core elements with a wrapper around them
(the following description is slightly oversimplified to convey the intent, more
detailed description is available in the following sections):

-# Flex lexer (src/bin/dhcp6/dhcp6_lexer.ll) that is essentially a set of
   regular expressions with C++ code that creates new tokens that represent whatever
   was just parsed. This lexer will be called iteratively by bison until the whole
   input text is parsed or an error is encountered. For example, a snippet of the
   code could look like this:
   @code
   \"socket-type\" {
        return isc::dhcp::Dhcp6Parser::make_SOCKET_TYPE(driver.loc_);
   }
   @endcode
   This tells the flex that if encounters "socket-type" (quoted), then it should
   create a token SOCKET_TYPE and pass to it its current location (that's the
   file name, line and column number).

-# Bison grammar (src/bin/dhcp6/dhcp6_parser.yy) that defines the syntax.
   Grammar and syntax are perhaps fancy words, but they simply define what is
   allowed and where. Bison grammar starts with a list of tokens. Those tokens
   are defined only by name ("here's the list of possible tokens that could
   appear"). What constitutes a token is actually defined in the lexer. The
   grammar define how the incoming tokens are expected to fall into their
   places together. Let's take an example of the following input text:
   @code
   {
      "Dhcp6":
      {
          "renew-timer": 100
      }
   }
   @endcode
   this code would return the following sentence of tokens: LCURLY_BRACKET,
   DHCP6, COLON, LCURLY_BRACKET, RENEW_TIMER, COLON, INTEGER
   (a token with a value of 100), RCURLY_BRACKET, RCURLY_BRACKET, END

-# Parser context. As there is some information that needs to be passed between
   parser and lexer, @ref isc::dhcp::Parser6Context is a convenience wrapper
   around those two bundled together. It also works as a nice encapsulation,
   hiding all the flex/bison details underneath.

@section parserBuild Building flex/bison code

The only input file used by flex is the .ll file. The only input file used by
bison is the .yy file. When making changes to the lexer or parser, only those
two files are edited. When processed, those two tools will generate a number of
.hh and .cc files. The major ones are named the same as their .ll and .yy
counterparts (e.g. dhcp6_lexer.cc, dhcp6_parser.cc and dhcp6_parser.h), but
there's a number of additional files created: location.hh, position.hh and
stack.hh. Those are internal bison headers that are needed for compilation.

To avoid every user to have flex and bison installed, we chose to generate the
files and add them to the Kea repository. To generate those files, do the
following:

@code
./configure --enable-generate-parser
cd src/bin/dhcp6
make parser
@endcode

Strictly speaking, make parser is not necessary. If you updated .ll or .yy file,
regular make command should pick those changes up. However, since one source
file generates multiple output files and you are likely using multi-process
build (make -j), there may be odd side effects, so I found it more convenient
to explicitly rebuild the files manually by using "make parser".

One problem flex/bison brings is the tool version dependency. If one developer
uses version A of those tools and another developer uses B, then the files
generated may be different and cause unnecessarily large diffs, may cause
coverity/cpp-check issues appear and disappear and cause general unhappiness.
To avoid those problems, we will introduce a requirement to generate flex/bison
files on one dedicated machine. This machine will likely be docs. Currently Ops
is working on installing the necessary versions of flex/bison required, but
for the time being we can use the versions installed in Francis' home directory
(export PATH=/home/fdupont/bin:$PATH).

Note: the above applies only to the code being merged on master. It is probably
ok to generate the files on your development branch with whatever version you
have as long as it is not too old. In particular, the bison version needs to be
at least 3.0.0 and Mac OS has 2.x version installed by default. When reviewing
tickets that have flex/bison changes, please review .ll and .yy files and ignore
the files generated from them. If you really insist, you're welcome to review
them, but in most cases that will be an exercise in futility.

@section parserFlex Flex detailed

Earlier sections described the lexer in a bit over-simplified way. The .ll file
contains a number of additional elements in addition to the regular expressions
and they're not as simple as described.

First, there's a number of sections separated by percent (%) signs. Depending
on which section the code is written in, it may be interpreted by flex, copied
verbatim to output .cc file, copied to output .h file or copied to both.

There is an initial section that defines flex options. These are somewhat
documented, but the docs for it may be a bit cryptic. When developing new
parsers, it's best to start by copying whatever we have for DHCPv6 and tweak as
needed.

Second addition are flex conditions. They're defined with %%x and they define a
state of the lexer. A good example of a state may be comment. Once the lexer
detects that a comment's beginning, it switches to a certain condition (by calling
BEGIN(COMMENT) for example) and the code then ignores whatever follows
(especially strings that look like valid tokens) until the comment is closed
(when it returns to the default condition by calling BEGIN(INITIAL)). This is
something that is not frequently used and the only use cases for it are the
forementioned comments and file inclusions.

Second addition are parser contexts. Let's assume we have a parser that uses
"ip-address" regexp that would return IP_ADDRESS token. Whenever we want to
allow "ip-address", the grammar allows IP_ADDRESS token to appear. When the
lexer is called, it will match the regexp, will generate the IP_ADDRESS token and
the parser will carry out its duty. This works fine as long as you have very
specific grammar that defines everything. Sadly, that's not the case in DHCP as
we have hooks. Hook libraries can have parameters that are defined by third
party developers and they can pick whatever parameter names they want, including
"ip-address". Another example may be Dhcp4 and Dhcp6 configurations defined in a
single file. When parsed by Dhcp6 server, its grammar has a clause that says
"Dhcp4" may contain any generic JSON. However, the lexer will likely find the
"ip-address" string and will say that it's not a part of generic JSON, but a
dedicated IP_ADDRESS token. The parser would then complain and the whole thing
would end up in failure. To solve this problem parser contexts were introduced.
They tell the lexer whether input strings have specific or generic meaning.
For example, when detecting "ip-address" string when parsing host reservation,
the lexer is expected to report IP_ADDRESS token. However, when parsing generic
JSON, it should return STRING with a value of "ip-address". The list of all
contexts is enumerated in @ref isc::dhcp::Parser6Context::ParserContext.

For DHCPv6-specific description of the conflict avoidance, see @ref dhcp6ParserConflicts.

@section parserGrammar Bison grammar

Bison has much better documentation than flex. Its latest version seems to be
available here: https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/ Bison is a LALR(1)
parser, which essentially means that it is able to parse (separate and analyze)
any text that is described by set of rules. You can see the more formal
description here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LALR_parser, but the plain
English explanation is that you define a set of rules and bison will walk
through input text trying to match the content to those rules. While doing
so, it will be allowed to peek at most one symbol (token) ahead.

Let's take a closer look at the bison grammar we have for DHCPv6. It is defined
in src/bin/dhcp6/dhcp6_parser.yy. Here's a simplified excerpt of it:

@code
// This defines a global Dhcp6 object.
dhcp6_object: DHCP6 COLON LCURLY_BRACKET global_params RCURLY_BRACKET;

// This defines all parameters that may appear in the Dhcp6 object.
// It can either contain a global_param (defined below) or a
// global_params list, followed by a comma followed by a global_param.
// Note this definition is recursive and can expand to a single
// instance of global_param or multiple instances separated by commas.
// This is how bison handles variable number of parameters.
global_params: global_param
             | global_params COMMA global_param
             ;

// These are the parameters that are allowed in the top-level for
// Dhcp6.
global_param: preferred_lifetime
            | valid_lifetime
            | renew_timer
            | rebind_timer
            | subnet6_list
            | interfaces_config
            | lease_database
            | hosts_database
            | mac_sources
            | relay_supplied_options
            | host_reservation_identifiers
            | client_classes
            | option_data_list
            | hooks_libraries
            | expired_leases_processing
            | server_id
            | dhcp4o6_port
            ;

renew_timer: RENEW_TIMER COLON INTEGER;

// Many other definitions follow.
@endcode

The code above defines parameters that may appear in the Dhcp6 object
declaration. One important trick to understand is to get the way to handle
variable number of parameters. In bison it is most convenient to present them as
recursive lists (global_params in this example) and allow any number of
global_param instances. This way the grammar is very easily extensible. If one
needs to add a new global parameter, he or she just needs to add it to the
global_param list.

This type of definitions has several levels, each representing logical
structure of the configuration data. We start with global scope, then step
into Dhcp6 object that has Subnet6 list, which has Subnet6 instances,
which has pools list and so on. Each of those is represented as a separate
rule.

The "leaf" rules that don't contain any other rules, must be defined by a
series of tokens. An example of such a rule is renew_timer above. It is defined
as a series of 3 tokens: RENEW_TIMER, COLON and INTEGER.

Speaking of integers, it is worth noting that some tokens can have values. Those
values are defined using %token clause.  For example, dhcp6_parser.yy has the
following:

@code
%token <std::string> STRING "constant string"
%token <int64_t> INTEGER "integer"
%token <double> FLOAT "floating point"
%token <bool> BOOLEAN "boolean"
@endcode

The first line says that the token STRING has a type of std::string and when
referring to this token in error messages, it should be printed as "constant
string".

In principle, it is valid to define just the grammar without any corresponding
C++ code to it. Bison will go through the whole input text, match the
rules and will either say the input adhered to the rules (parsing successful)
or not (parsing failed). This may be a useful step when developing new parser,
but it has no practical value. To perform specific actions, bison allows
injecting C++ code at almost any moment. For example we could augment the
renew_timer with some extra code:

@code
renew_timer: RENEW_TIMER {
   cout << "renew-timer token detected, so far so good" << endl;
} COLON {
   cout << "colon detected!" << endl;
} INTEGER {
    uint32_t timer = $3;
    cout << "Got the renew-timer value: " << time << endl;
    ElementPtr prf(new IntElement($3, ctx.loc2pos(@3)));
    ctx.stack_.back()->set("renew-timer", prf);
};
@endcode

This example showcases several important things. First, the ability to insert
code at almost any step is very useful. It's also a powerful debugging tool.

Second, some tokens are valueless (e.g. "renew-timer" when represented as
RENEW_TIMER token has no value), but some have values. In particular, INTEGER
token has value which can be extracted by $ followed by a number that
represents its order, so $3 means "a value of third token in this rule".

Also, some rules may have values. This is not used often, but there are specific
cases when it's convenient. Let's take a look at the following excerpt:

@code
ncr_protocol: NCR_PROTOCOL {
    ctx.enter(ctx.NCR_PROTOCOL); (1)
} COLON ncr_protocol_value {
    ctx.stack_.back()->set("ncr-protocol", $4); (3)
    ctx.leave(); (4)
};

ncr_protocol_value:
    UDP { $$ = ElementPtr(new StringElement("UDP", ctx.loc2pos(@1))); }
  | TCP { $$ = ElementPtr(new StringElement("TCP", ctx.loc2pos(@1))); } (2)
  ;
@endcode


There's a "ncr-protocol" parameter that accepts one of two values: either tcp or
udp. To handle such a case, we first enter the NCR_PROTOCOL context to tell the
lexer that we're in this scope. Lexer will then know that any incoming string of
text that is either "UDP" or "TCP" should be represented as one of TCP or UDP
tokens. Parser knows that after NCR_PROTOCOL there will be a colon followed
by ncr_protocol_value. The rule for ncr_protocol_value says it can be either
TCP token or UDP token. Let's assume the input text has the following:
@code
"ncr-protocol": "TCP"
@endcode

Here's how the parser will handle it. First, it will attempt to match the rule
for ncr_protocol. It will discover the first token is NCR_PROTOCOL. As a result,
it will run the code (1), which will tell lexer to parse incoming tokens
as ncr protocol values. The next token will be COLON. The next one expected
after that is ncr_protocol_value. Lexer is already switched into NCR_PROTOCOL
context, so it will recognize "TCP" as TCP token, not as a string of value of "TCP".
Parser will receive that token and match the line (2). It will create appropriate
representation that will be used a the rule's value ($$). Finally, parser
will unroll back to ncr_protocol rule and execute the code in line (3) and (4).
Line (3) will pick the value set up in line 2 and add it to the stack of
values. Finally, line (4) will tell the lexer that we finished the NCR protocol
parsing and it can go back to whatever state it was before.

@section parserBisonStack Generating Element tree in Bison

Bison parser keeps matching rules until it reaches the end of input file. During
that process the code needs to build a hierarchy (a tree) of inter-connected
Element objects that represents parsed text. @ref isc::data::Element has a
complex structure that defines parent-child relation differently depending on
the type of parent (maps refer to its children differently than lists).  This
requires the code to be aware of the parent content. In general, every time a
new scope (an opening curly bracket in input text) is encountered, the code
pushes new Element to the stack (see @ref isc::dhcp::Parser6Context::stack_)
and every time the scope closes (a closing curly bracket in input text) the
element is removed from the stack. With this approach, we always have access
to the parent element as it's the last element on the stack. For example, when
parsing preferred-lifetime, the code does the following:

@code
preferred_lifetime: PREFERRED_LIFETIME COLON INTEGER {
    ElementPtr prf(new IntElement($3, ctx.loc2pos(@3))); (1)
    ctx.stack_.back()->set("preferred-lifetime", prf);   (2)
}
@endcode

The first line creates an instance of IntElement with a value of the token.  The
second line adds it to the current map (current = the last on the stack).  This
approach has a very nice property of being generic. This rule can be referenced
from global and subnet scope (and possibly other scopes as well) and the code
will add the IntElement object to whatever is last on the stack, be it global,
subnet or perhaps even something else (maybe one day we will allow preferred
lifetime to be defined on a per pool or per host basis?).

@section parserSubgrammar Parsing Partial Configuration

All the explanations so far assumed that we're operating in a default case of
receiving the configuration as a whole. That is the case during startup and
reconfiguration. However, both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 support certain cases when the
input text is not the whole configuration, but rather certain parts of it. There
are several examples of such cases. The most common are unit-tests. They
typically don't have the outermost { } or Dhcp6 object, but simply define
whatever parameters are being tested. Second, we have command channel that will
in the near future contain parts of the configuration, depending on the
command. For example, add-reservation will contain host reservation only.

Bison by default does not support multiple start rules, but there's a trick
that can provide such capability. The trick assumes that the starting
rule may allow one of artificial tokens that represent the scope that is
expected. For example, when called from add-reservation command, the
artificial token will be SUB_RESERVATION and it will trigger the parser
to bypass the global { }, Dhcp6 and jump immediately to sub_reservation.

This trick is also implemented in the lexer. There's a flag called start_token_flag.
When initially set to true, it will cause the lexer to emit an artificial
token once, before parsing any input whatsoever.

This optional feature can be skipped altogether if you don't plan to parse parts
of the configuration.

@section parserBisonExtend Extending grammar

Adding new parameters to existing parsers is very easy once you get hold of the
concept of what the grammar rules represent. The first step is to understand
where the parameter is to be allowed. Typically a new parameter is allowed
in one scope and only over time it is added in other scopes. Recently a support
for 4o6-interface-id parameter has been added. That's parameter that can
be defined in a subnet and takes a string argument. You can see the actual
change conducted in this commit:
(https://github.com/isc-projects/kea/commit/9fccdbf54c4611dc10111ad8ff96d36cad59e1d6).

Here's the complete set of necessary changes.

1. Define a new token in dhcp6_parser.yy:
   @code
   SUBNET_4O6_INTERFACE_ID "4o6-interface-id"
   @endcode
   This defines a token called SUBNET_4O6_INTERFACE_ID that, when needed to
   be printed, will be represented as "4o6-interface-id".

2. Tell lexer how to recognize the new parameter:
   @code
   \"4o6-interface-id\" {
       switch(driver.ctx_) {
       case isc::dhcp::Parser4Context::SUBNET4:
           return isc::dhcp::Dhcp4Parser::make_SUBNET_4O6_INTERFACE_ID(driver.loc_);
       default:
           return isc::dhcp::Dhcp4Parser::make_STRING("4o6-interface-id", driver.loc_);
       }
   }
   @endcode
   It tells the parser that when in Subnet4 context, incoming "4o6-interface-id" string
   should be represented as SUBNET_4O6_INTERFACE_ID token. In any other context,
   it should be represented as a string.

3. Add the rule that will define the value. A user is expected to add something like
   @code
   "4o6-interface-id": "whatevah"
   @endcode
   The rule to match this and similar statements looks as follows:
   @code
   subnet_4o6_interface_id: SUBNET_4O6_INTERFACE_ID {
       ctx.enter(ctx.NO_KEYWORD);
   } COLON STRING {
       ElementPtr iface(new StringElement($4, ctx.loc2pos(@4)));
       ctx.stack_.back()->set("4o6-interface-id", iface);
       ctx.leave();
   };
   @endcode
   Here's a good example of the context use. We have no idea what sort of interface-id
   the user will use. Typically that will be an integer, but it may be something
   weird that happens to match our reserved keywords. Therefore we switch to
   no keyword context. This tells the lexer to interpret everything as string,
   integer or float.

4. Finally, extend the existing subnet4_param that defines all allowed parameters
   in Subnet4 scope to also cover our new parameter (the new line marked with *):
   @code
   subnet4_param: valid_lifetime
                | renew_timer
                | rebind_timer
                | option_data_list
                | pools_list
                | subnet
                | interface
                | interface_id
                | id
                | rapid_commit
                | client_class
                | reservations
                | reservation_mode
                | relay
                | match_client_id
                | next_server
                | subnet_4o6_interface
                | subnet_4o6_interface_id (*)
                | subnet_4o6_subnet
                | unknown_map_entry
                ;
   @endcode

5. Regenerate flex/bison files by typing make parser.

6. Run unit-tests that you wrote before touch any bison stuff. You did write them
   in advance, right?
*/