kea/doc/guide/hooks.xml

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  <chapter id="hooks-libraries">
    <title>Hooks Libraries</title>
    <section id="hooks-libraries-introduction">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <para>
      Although Kea offers a lot of flexibility, there may be cases where
      its behavior needs customization.  To accommodate this possibility,
      Kea includes the idea of "Hooks".  This feature lets Kea load one
      or more dynamically-linked libraries (known as "hooks libraries")
      and, at various points in its processing ("hook points"), call
      functions in them.  Those functions perform whatever custom
      processing is required.
      </para>
      <para>
      Hooks libraries are attached to individual Kea processes, not to
      Kea as a whole.  This means (for example) that it is possible
      to associate one set of libraries with the DHCP4 server and a
      different set to the DHCP6 server.
      </para>
      <para>
      Another point to note is that it is possible for a process to
      load multiple libraries.  When processing reaches a hook point,
      Kea calls the hooks library functions attached to it.  If multiple
      libraries have attached a function to a given hook point, Kea calls
      all of them, in the order in which the libraries are specified in
      the configuration file. The order may be important: consult the
      documentation of the libraries to see if this is the case.
      </para>
      <para>
      The next section describes how to configure hooks libraries. If you
      are interested in writing your own hooks library, information can be
      found in the <ulink url="https://jenkins.isc.org/job/Fedora20_32_doxygen_doc/doxygen/">Kea
      Developer's Guide</ulink>.
      </para>
    </section> <!-- end Introduction -->
    <section>
      <title>Configuring Hooks Libraries</title>
      <para>
      The hooks libraries for a given process are configured using the
      <command>hooks-libraries</command> keyword in the
      configuration for that process. (Note that
      the word "hooks" is plural).  The value of the keyword
      is an array of map structures, each structure corresponding to a hooks
      library.  For example, to set up two hooks libraries for the DHCPv4
      server, the configuration would be:
<screen>
<userinput>"Dhcp4": {
    :
    "hooks-libraries": [
        {
            "library": "/opt/charging.so"
        },
        {
            "library": "/opt/local/notification.so",
            "parameters": {
                "mail": "spam@example.com",
                "floor": 13,
                "debug": false,
                "users": [ "alice", "bob", "charlie" ],
                "languages": {
                    "french": "bonjour",
                    "klingon": "yl'el"
                }
            }
        }
    ]
    :
}</userinput>
</screen>
      </para>

      <note><para>
        This is a change to the syntax used in Kea 0.9.2 and earlier, where
        hooks-libraries was a list of strings, each string being the name of
        a library.  The change was made in Kea 1.0 to facilitate the
        specification of library-specific parameters, a capability
        available in Kea 1.1.0 onwards.
      </para></note>

        <note>
          <para>
          The library reloading behavior has changed in Kea 1.1. Libraries are
          reloaded, even if their list hasn't changed. Kea does that, because
          the parameters specified for the library (or the files those
          parameters point to) may have changed.
          </para>
        </note>

      <para>
        Libraries may have additional parameters. Those are not mandatory in the
        sense that there may be libraries that don't require them. However, for
        specific library there is often specific requirement for specify certain
        set of parameters. Please consult the documentation for your library
        for details. In the example above, the first library has no parameters.
        The second library has five parameters, specifying mail (string
        parameter), floor (integer parameter), debug (boolean parameter) and
        even lists (list of strings) and maps (containing strings). Nested
        parameters could be used if the library supports it. This topic is
        explained in detail in the Hooks Developer's Guide in the "Configuring
        Hooks Libraries" section.
      </para>

      <para>
      Notes:
        <itemizedlist mark='bullet'>
          <listitem><para>
          The full path to each library should be given.
          </para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>
          As noted above, order may be important - consult the documentation for
          each library.
          </para></listitem>
          <listitem><para>
          An empty list has the same effect as omitting the
          <command>hooks-libraries</command> configuration element all together.
          </para>
          <note><para>
          There is one case where this is not true: if Kea
          is running with a configuration that contains a
          <command>hooks-libraries</command> item, and that item is
          removed and the configuration reloaded, the removal will be
          ignored and the libraries remain loaded.  As a workaround,
          instead of removing the <command>hooks-libraries</command>
          item, change it to an empty list.  This will be fixed in a
          future version of Kea.
          </para></note>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </para>
      <para>
      At the present time, only the kea-dhcp4 and kea-dhcp6 processes support
      hooks libraries.
      </para>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title>Available Hooks Libraries</title>
      <para>
      As described above, the hooks functionality provides a way to customize
      a Kea server without modifying the core code.  ISC has chosen to take
      advantage of this feature to provide functions that may only be useful
      to a subset of Kea users.  To this end ISC has created some hooks
      libraries; these discussed in the following sections.
      </para>

      <note><para>
      Some of these libraries will be available with the base code while others
      will be shared with organizations supporting development of Kea
      , possibly as a 'benefit' or 'thank you' for helping to sustain
      the larger Kea project. If you would like to get access to those
      libraries, please consider taking out a support contract: this includes
      professional support, advance security notifications, input into our
      roadmap planning, and many other benefits, while helping
      making Kea sustainable in the long term.
      </para></note>

      <para>Currently the following libraries are available or planned from ISC:

        <table frame="all" id="hook-libs">
          <title>List of available hooks libraries</title>
          <tgroup cols='3'>
          <colspec colname='name' />
          <colspec colname='avail' />
          <colspec colname='description' />
          <thead>
            <row>
              <entry>Name</entry>
              <entry>Availability</entry>
              <entry>Since</entry>
              <entry>Description</entry>
            </row>
          </thead>

          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>user_chk</entry>
              <entry>Kea sources</entry>
              <entry>Kea 0.8</entry>
              <entry>Reads known users list from a file. Unknown users
              will be assigned a
              lease from the last subnet defined in the configuration file,
              e.g. to redirect them a captive portal. This demonstrates how an
              external source of information can be used to influence the Kea
              allocation engine. This hook is part of the Kea source code and is
              available in the src/hooks/dhcp/user_chk directory.</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>Forensic Logging</entry>
              <entry>Support customers</entry>
              <entry>Kea 1.1.0</entry>
              <entry>This library provides hooks that record a detailed log of
              lease assignments and renewals into a set of log files. In many
              legal jurisdictions companies, especially ISPs, must record
              information about the addresses they have leased to DHCP
              clients. This library is designed to help with that
              requirement. If the information that it records is sufficient it
              may be used directly. If your jurisdiction requires that you save
              a different set of information, you may use it as a template or
              example and create your own custom logging hooks.</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>Flexible Identifier</entry>
              <entry>Support customers</entry>
              <entry>Kea 1.2.0</entry>
              <entry>Kea software provides a way to handle host reservations
              that include addresses, prefixes, options, client classes and
              other features. The reservation can be based on hardware address,
              DUID, circuit-id or client-id in DHCPv4 and using hardware address
              or DUID in DHCPv6. However, there are sometimes scenarios where the
              reservation is more complex, e.g. uses other options that
              mentioned above, uses part of specific options or perhaps even a
              combination of several options and fields to uniquely identify a
              client. Those scenarios are addressed by the Flexible Identifiers
              hook application. It allows defining an expression, similar to
              the one used in client classification,
              e.g. substring(relay6[0].option[37],0,6). Each incoming packet is
              evaluated against that expression and its value is then searched
              in the reservations database.
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>Host Commands</entry>
              <entry>Support customers</entry>
              <entry>Kea 1.2.0</entry>
              <entry>Kea provides a way to store host reservations in a
              database. In many larger deployments it is useful to be able to
              manage that information while the server is running. This library
              provides management commands for adding, querying and deleting
              host reservations in a safe way without restarting the server.
              In particular, it validates the parameters, so an attempt to
              insert incorrect data, e.g. add a host with conflicting identifier
              in the same subnet will be rejected. Those commands are
              exposed via command channel (JSON over unix sockets) and Control
              Agent (JSON over RESTful interface). Additional commands and
              capabilities related to host reservations will be added in the
              future.</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>Subnet Commands</entry>
              <entry>Support customers</entry>
              <entry>Kea 1.3.0</entry>
              <entry>In deployments in which subnet configuration needs to
              be frequently updated, it is a hard requirement that such updates be
              performed without the need for a full DHCP server reconfiguration
              or restart. This hooks library allows for incremental changes
              to the subnet configuration such as: adding a subnet, removing
              a subnet. It also allows for listing all available subnets and
              fetching detailed information about a selected subnet. The
              commands exposed by this library do not affect other subnets
              or configuration parameters currently used by the server.
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
          </tgroup>
          </table>

      </para>
      <para>
        ISC hopes to see more hooks libraries become available as time
        progresses, both developed internally and externally. Since
        this list may evolve dynamically, we decided to keep it on a
        wiki page, available at this link: <ulink
        url="http://kea.isc.org/wiki/Hooks">http://kea.isc.org/wiki/Hooks</ulink>.
        If you are a developer or are aware of any hooks libraries not
        listed there, please send a note to the kea-users or kea-dev
        mailing lists and someone will update it.
      </para>
      <section>
        <title>user_chk: Checking User Access</title>
        <para>
          The user_chk library is the first hooks library published by ISC. It
          attempts to serve several purposes:

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>To assign "new" or "unregistered" users to a
              restricted subnet, while "known" or "registered" users are assigned
              to unrestricted subnets.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>To allow DHCP response options or vendor option
              values to be customized based upon user identity. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>To provide a real time record of the user registration
              activity which can be sampled by an external consumer.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para> To serve as a demonstration of various capabilities
              possible using the hooks interface.</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </para>
        <para>
          Once loaded, the library allows segregating incoming requests into
          known and unknown clients. For known clients, the packets are
          processed mostly as usual, except it is possible to override certain
          options being sent. That can be done on a per host basis. Clients
          that are not on the known hosts list will be treated as unknown and
          will be assigned to the last subnet defined in the configuration file.
        </para>

        <para>
          As an example of use, this behavior may be used to put unknown users into a
          separate subnet that leads to a walled garden, where they can only
          access a registration portal. Once they fill in necessary data, their
          details are added to the known clients file and they get a proper
          address after their device is restarted.
        </para>

        <note><para>This library was developed several years before the host
        reservation mechanism has become available. Currently host reservation is
        much more
        powerful and flexible, but nevertheless the user_chk capability to consult
        and external source of information about clients and alter Kea's
        behavior is useful and remains of educational value.
        </para></note>

        <para>
          The library reads the /tmp/user_chk_registry.txt file while being
          loaded and each time an incoming packet is processed. The file is expected
          to have each line contain a self-contained JSON snippet which must
          have the following two entries:

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para><command>type</command>, whose value
            is "HW_ADDR" for IPv4 users or "DUID" for IPv6
            users</para></listitem>
            <listitem><para><command>id</command>, whose value is
            either the hardware address or the DUID from the request
            formatted as a string of hex digits, with or without
            ":" delimiters.</para></listitem>
          </itemizedlist>

and may have the zero or more of the following entries:

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para><command>bootfile</command> whose value
            is the pathname of the desired file</para></listitem>
            <listitem><para><command>tftp_server</command> whose
            value is the hostname or IP address of the desired
            server</para></listitem>
          </itemizedlist>

          A sample user registry file is shown below:

<screen>{ "type" : "HW_ADDR", "id" : "0c:0e:0a:01:ff:04", "bootfile" : "/tmp/v4bootfile" }
{ "type" : "HW_ADDR", "id" : "0c:0e:0a:01:ff:06", "tftp_server" : "tftp.v4.example.com" }
{ "type" : "DUID", "id" : "00:01:00:01:19:ef:e6:3b:00:0c:01:02:03:04", "bootfile" : "/tmp/v6bootfile" }
{ "type" : "DUID", "id" : "00:01:00:01:19:ef:e6:3b:00:0c:01:02:03:06", "tftp_server" : "tftp.v6.example.com" }</screen>

        </para>

        <para>As with any other hooks libraries provided by ISC, internals of the
        user_chk code are well documented. You can take a look at the  <ulink
        url="https://jenkins.isc.org/job/Fedora20_32_doxygen_doc/doxygen/d8/db2/libdhcp_user_chk.html">Kea Developer's Guide section dedicated to the user_chk library</ulink>
        that discusses how the code works internally. That, together with
        our general entries in <ulink
        url="https://jenkins.isc.org/job/Fedora20_32_doxygen_doc/doxygen/">Hooks
        Framework section</ulink> should give you some pointers how to extend
        this library and perhaps even write your own from scratch.</para>

      </section>
      <section>
        <title>legal_log: Forensic Logging Hooks</title>
        <para>
        This section describes the forensic log hooks library. This library
        provides hooks that record a detailed log of lease assignments
        and renewals into a set of log files.  Currently this library
        is only available to ISC customers with a support contract.
        </para>
        <para>
        In many legal jurisdictions companies, especially ISPs, must record
        information about the addresses they have leased to DHCP clients.
        This library is designed to help with that requirement.  If the
        information that it records is sufficient it may be used directly.
        If your jurisdiction requires that you save a different set of
        information you may use it as a template or example and create your
        own custom logging hooks.
        </para>
        <para>
        This logging is done as a set of hooks to allow it to be customized
        to any particular need.  Modifying a hooks library is easier and
        safer than updating the core code.  In addition by using the hooks
        features those users who don't need to log this information can
        leave it out and avoid any performance penalties.
        </para>
        <section>
        <title>Log File Naming</title>
          <para>
          The names for the log files have the following form:
          </para>
<screen>
path/base-name.CCYYMMDD.txt
</screen>
          <para>
          The &quot;path&quot; and &quot;base-name&quot; are supplied in the
          configuration as described below see
          <xref linkend="forensic-log-configuration"/>.  The next part of the name is
          the date the log file was started, with four digits for year, two digits
          for month and two digits for day.  The file is rotated on a daily basis.
          </para>
          <note><para>
          When running Kea servers for both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 the log names must
          be distinct.  See the examples in <xref linkend="forensic-log-configuration"/>.
          </para></note>
        </section>
        <section>
        <title>DHCPv4 Log Entries</title>
          <para>
          For DHCPv4 the library creates entries based on DHCPREQUEST messages
          and corresponding DHCPv4 leases intercepted by lease4_select
          (for new leases) and lease4_renew (for renewed leases) hooks.
          </para>
          <para>
          An entry is a single string with no embedded end-of-line markers
          and has the following sections:
<screen>
address duration device-id {client-info} {relay-info}
</screen>
          </para>
          <para>
          Where:
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para>
            address - the leased IPv4 address given out and whether it was
            assigned or renewed.
            </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
            duration - the lease lifetime expressed in days (if present),
            hours, minutes and seconds.  A lease lifetime of 0xFFFFFFFF will be
            denoted with the text &quot;infinite duration&quot;.
            </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
            device-id - the client's hardware address shown as numerical type
            and hex digit string.
            </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
            client-info - the DHCP client id option (61) if present, shown as
            a hex string.
            </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
            relay-info - for relayed packets the giaddr and the RAI circuit-id,
            remote-id and subscriber-id options (option 82 sub
            options: 1, 2 and 6) if present.
            The circuit id and remote id are presented as hex strings
            </para></listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          </para>
          <para>
          For instance (line breaks added for readability, they would not
          be present in the log file).
<screen>
Address: 192.2.1.100 has been renewed for 1 hrs 52 min 15 secs to a device with
hardware address: hwtype=1 08:00:2b:02:3f:4e, client-id: 17:34:e2:ff:09:92:54
connected via relay at address: 192.2.16.33, identified by circuit-id:
68:6f:77:64:79 and remote-id: 87:f6:79:77:ef
</screen>
        </para>
        <para>
        In addition to logging lease activity driven by DHCPv4 client traffic, it also
        logs entries for the following lease management control channel commands:
        lease4-add, lease4-update, and lease4-del.  Each entry is a single string
        with no embedded end-of-line markers and they will typically have the following
        forms:
        </para>
        <para>
        <command>lease4-add:</command>
<screen>
Administrator added a lease of address: *address* to a device with hardware address: *device-id*
</screen>
        Dependent on the arguments of the add command, it may also include the
        client-id and duration.
        </para>
        <para>
        Example:
<screen>
Administrator added a lease of address: 192.0.2.202 to a device with hardware address: 1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f for 1 days 0 hrs 0 mins 0 secs
</screen>
        </para>
        <para>
        <command>lease4-update:</command>
<screen>
Administrator updated information on the lease of address: *address* to a device with hardware address: *device-id*
</screen>
        Dependent on the arguments of the update command, it may also include the
        client-id and lease duration.
        </para>
        <para>
        Example:
<screen>
Administrator updated information on the lease of address: 192.0.2.202 to a device with hardware address: 1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f, client-id: 1234567890
</screen>
        </para>
        <para>
        <command>lease4-del:</command>
        Deletes have two forms, one by address and one by identifier and identifier type:
<screen>
Administrator deleted the lease for address: *address*
</screen>
        or
<screen>
Administrator deleted a lease for a device identified by: *identifier-type* of *identifier*
</screen>
        Currently only a type of @b hw-address (hardware address) is supported.
        </para>
        <para>
        Examples:
<screen>
Administrator deleted the lease for address: 192.0.2.202

Administrator deleted a lease for a device identified by: hw-address of 1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f
</screen>
        </para>
        </section>

        <section>
        <title>DHCPv6 Log Entries</title>
          <para>
          For DHCPv6 the library creates entries based on lease management
          actions intercepted by the lease6_select (for new leases), lease6_renew
          (for renewed leases) and lease6_rebind (for rebound leases).
          </para>
          <para>
          An entry is a single string with no embedded end-of-line markers
          and has the following sections:
<screen>
address duration device-id {relay-info}*
</screen>
          </para>
          <para>
          Where:
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para>
            address - the leased IPv6 address or prefix given out and whether
            it was assigned or renewed.
            </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
            duration - the lease lifetime expressed in days (if present),
            hours, minutes and seconds.  A lease lifetime of 0xFFFFFFFF will be
            denoted with the text "infinite duration".
            </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
            device-id - the client's DUID and hardware address (if present).
            </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
            relay-info - for relayed packets the content of relay agent
            messages, remote-id (code 37), subscriber-id (code 38) and
            interface-id (code 18) options if present. Note that
            interface-id option, if present, identifies the whole interface the
            relay agent received the message on. This typically translates to a
            single link in your network, but it depends on your specific network
            topology. Nevertheless, this is useful information to better scope
            down the location of the device, so it is being recorded, if present.
            </para></listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          </para>
          <para>
          For instance (line breaks added for readability, they would not
          be present in the log file).
<screen>
Address:2001:db8:1:: has been assigned for 0 hrs 11 mins 53 secs to a device with
DUID: 17:34:e2:ff:09:92:54 and hardware address: hwtype=1 08:00:2b:02:3f:4e
(from Raw Socket) connected via relay at address: fe80::abcd for client on
link address: 3001::1, hop count: 1, identified by remote-id:
01:02:03:04:0a:0b:0c:0d:0e:0f and subscriber-id: 1a:2b:3c:4d:5e:6f
</screen>
        </para>
        <para>
        In addition to logging lease activity driven by DHCPv6 client traffic, it also
        logs entries for the following lease management control channel commands:
        lease6-add, lease6-update, and lease6-del.  Each entry is a single string
        with no embedded end-of-line markers and they will typically have the following
        forms:
        </para>
        <para>
        <command>lease6-add:</command>
<screen>
    Administrator added a lease of address: *address* to a device with DUID: *DUID*
</screen>
        Dependent on the arguments of the add command, it may also include the hardware address and duration.
        </para>
        <para>
        Example:
<screen>
Administrator added a lease of address: 2001:db8::3 to a device with DUID: 1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f:20:21:22:23:24 for 1 days 0 hrs 0 mins 0 secs
</screen>
        </para>
        <para>
        <command>lease6-update:</command>
<screen>
Administrator updated information on the lease of address: *address* to a device with DUID: *DUID*
</screen>
        Dependent on the arguments of the update command, it may also include the hardware address and lease duration.
        </para>
        <para>
        Example:
<screen>
Administrator updated information on the lease of address: 2001:db8::3 to a device with DUID: 1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f:20:21:22:23:24, hardware address: 1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f
</screen>
        </para>
        <para>
        <command>lease6-del:</command>
        Deletes have two forms, one by address and one by identifier and identifier type:
<screen>
Administrator deleted the lease for address: *address*
</screen>
        or
<screen>
Administrator deleted a lease for a device identified by: *identifier-type* of *identifier*
</screen>
        Currently only a type of DUID is supported.
        </para>
        <para>
Examples:
<screen>
Administrator deleted the lease for address: 2001:db8::3

Administrator deleted a lease for a device identified by: duid of 1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f:20:21:22:23:24
</screen>
        </para>
        </section>
        <section id="forensic-log-configuration">
        <title>Configuring the Forensic Log Hooks</title>
          <para>
          To use this functionality the hook library must be included in the
          configuration of the desired DHCP server modules. The legal_log
          library is installed alongside the Kea libraries in
          <filename>[kea-install-dir]/lib</filename> where
          <filename>kea-install-dir</filename> is determined by the
          &quot;--prefix&quot; option of the configure script.  It defaults to
          <filename>/usr/local</filename>.  Assuming the
          default value then, configuring kea-dhcp4 to load the legal_log
          library could be done with the following Kea4 configuration:
<screen>
"Dhcp4": { <userinput>
    "hooks-libraries": [
        {
            "library": "/usr/local/lib/libdhcp_legal_log.so",
            "parameters": {
                "path": "/var/kea/var",
                "base-name": "kea-forensic4"
            }
        },
        ...
    ] </userinput>
}
</screen>
          </para>
          <para>
          To configure it for kea-dhcp6, the commands are simply as shown below:
<screen>
"Dhcp6": { <userinput>
    "hooks-libraries": [
        {
            "library": "/usr/local/lib/libdhcp_legal_log.so",
            "parameters": {
                "path": "/var/kea/var",
                "base-name": "kea-forensic6"
            }
        },
        ...
    ] </userinput>
}
</screen>
          </para>
          <para>
          Two Hook Library parameters are supported:
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem><para>
            path - the directory in which the forensic file(s) will be written.  The
            default value is
            <filename>[prefix]/kea/var</filename>.  The directory must exist.
            </para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>
            base-name - an arbitrary value which is used in conjunction with
            the current system date to form the current forensic file name.  It defaults
            to <filename>kea-legal</filename>.
            </para></listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          </para>
        </section>
      </section>

      <section id="flex-id">
        <title>flex_id: Flexible Identifiers for Host Reservations</title>
        <para>
          This section describes a hook application dedicated to generate
          flexible identifiers for host reservation. Kea software provides a way
          to handle host reservations that include addresses, prefixes, options,
          client classes and other features. The reservation can be based on
          hardware address, DUID, circuit-id or client-id in DHCPv4 and using
          hardware address or DUID in DHCPv6. However, there are sometimes
          scenarios where the reservation is more complex, e.g. uses other
          options that mentioned above, uses part of specific options or perhaps
          even a combination of several options and fields to uniquely identify
          a client. Those scenarios are addressed by the Flexible Identifiers
        hook application.</para>

        <para>Currently this library is only available to ISC customers with a
        support contract.</para>

        <para>The library allows for defining an expression, using notation
        initially used for client classification only. See <xref
        linkend="classification-using-expressions" /> for detailed description
        of the syntax available. One notable difference is that for client
        classification the expression currently has to evaluate to either true
        or false, while the flexible identifier expression is expected to
        evaluate to a string that will be used as identifier. It is a valid case
        for the expression to evaluate to empty string (e.g. in cases where a
        client does not sent specific options). This expression is then
        evaluated for each incoming packet. This evaluation generates an
        identifier that is used to identify the client. In particular, there may
        be host reservations that are tied to specific values of the flexible
        identifier.</para>

        <para>
          The library can be loaded in similar way as other hook libraries. It
          takes a mandatory parameter identifier-expression and optional
          boolean parameter replace-client-id:
<screen>
"Dhcp6": { <userinput>
    "hooks-libraries": [
        {
            "library": "/path/libdhcp_flex_id.so",
            "parameters": {
                "identifier-expression": "<userinput>expression</userinput>",
                "replace-client-id": "<userinput>false</userinput>"
            }
        },
        ...
    ] </userinput>
}
</screen>
        </para>

        <para>
          The flexible identifier library supports both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6.
        </para>

        <para>
          EXAMPLE: Let's consider a case of an IPv6 network that has an
          independent interface for each of the connected customers. Customers
          are able to plug in whatever device they want, so any type of
          identifier (e.g. a client-id) is unreliable. Therefore the operator
          may decide to use an option inserted by a relay agent to differentiate
          between clients. In this particular deployment, the operator verified
          that the interface-id is unique for each customer facing
          interface. Therefore it is suitable for usage as reservation. However,
          only the first 6 bytes of the interface-id are interesting, because
          remaining bytes are either randomly changed or not unique between
          devices. Therefore the customer decided to use first 6 bytes of the
          interface-id option inserted by the relay agent. After adding "flex-id"
          host-reservation-identifiers goal can be achieved by using the
          following configuration:
<screen>
"Dhcp6": {
    "subnet6": [{ ..., // subnet definition starts here
    "reservations": [
        <userinput>"flex-id": "'port1234'"</userinput>, // value of the first 8 bytes of the interface-id
        "ip-addresses": [ "2001:db8::1" ]
    ],
    }], // end of subnet definitions
    "host-reservation-identifiers": ["duid", "flex-id"], // add "flex-id" to reservation identifiers
    "hooks-libraries": [
        {
            "library": "/path/libdhcp_flex_id.so",
            "parameters": {
                "identifier-expression": "<userinput>substring(relay6[0].option[18].hex,0,8)</userinput>"
            }
        },
        ...
    ]
}
</screen>
        </para>

        <para>
          NOTE: Care should be taken when adjusting the expression. If the
          expression changes, then all the flex-id values may change, possibly
          rendering all reservations based on flex-id unusable until they're
          manually updated. Therefore it is strongly recommended to start with
          the expression and a handful reservations, adjust the expression as
          needed and only after it was confirmed the expression does exactly
          what is expected out of it go forward with host reservations on any
          broader scale.
        </para>

        <para>
          flex-id values in host reservations can be specified in two
          ways. First, they can be expressed as hex string, e.g. bar string
          can be represented as 626174. Alternatively, it can be expressed
          as quoted value (using double and single quotes), e.g. "'bar'".
          The former is more convenient for printable characters, while hex
          string values are more convenient for non-printable characters.
        </para>
<screen>
"Dhcp6": {
    "subnet6": [{ ..., // subnet definition starts here
    "reservations": [
        <userinput>"flex-id": "01:02:03:04:05:06"</userinput>, // value of the first 8 bytes of the interface-id
        "ip-addresses": [ "2001:db8::1" ]
    ],
    }], // end of subnet definitions
    "host-reservation-identifiers": ["duid", "flex-id"], // add "flex-id" to reservation identifiers
    "hooks-libraries": [
        {
            "library": "/path/libdhcp_flex_id.so",
            "parameters": {
                "identifier-expression": "<userinput>vendor[4491].option[1026].hex</userinput>"
            }
        },
        ...
    ]
}
</screen>

        <para>
          When "replace-client-id" is set to false (which is the default setting),
          the flex-id hook library uses evaluated flexible identifier solely for
          identifying host reservations, i.e. searching for reservations within a
          database. This is a functional equivalent of other identifiers,
          similar to hardware address or circuit-id. However,
          this mode of operation has an implication that if a client device is
          replaced, it may cause a conflict between an existing lease (allocated
          for old device) and the new lease being allocated for the new device. The
          conflict arises because the same flexible identifier is computed for the
          replaced device and the server will try to allocate the same lease. The
          mismatch between client identifiers sent by new device and old device causes
          the server to refuse this new allocation until the old lease expires.
          A manifestation of this problem is dependant on specific expression
          used as flexible identifier and is likely to appear if you only use options
          and other parameters that are identifying where the device is
          connected (e.g. circuit-id), rather than the device identification
          itself (e.g. MAC address).
        </para>

        <para>
          The flex-id library offers a way to overcome the problem with lease conflicts
          by dynamically replacing client identifier (or DUID in DHCPv6 case) with a
          value derived from flexible identifier. The server processes the client's
          query as if flexible identifier was sent in the client identifier (or DUID)
          option. This guarantees that returning client (for which the same flexible
          identifier is evaluated) will be assigned the same lease desplite the client
          identifier and/or MAC address change.
        </para>

        <para>
          The following is a stub configuration that enables this behavior:
<screen>
"Dhcp4": { <userinput>
    "hooks-libraries": [
        {
            "library": "/path/libdhcp_flex_id.so",
            "parameters": {
                "identifier-expression": "<userinput>expression</userinput>",
                "replace-client-id": "<userinput>true</userinput>"
            }
        },
        ...
    ] </userinput>
}
</screen>
        </para>

        <para>
          Note that for this mechanism to take effect, the DHCPv4 server must be configured
          to respect the client identifier option value during lease allocation, i.e.
          "match-client-id" must be set to true. See
          <xref linkend="dhcp4-match-client-id"/> for details. No additional settings
          are required for DHCPv6.
        </para>
        <para>
          If "replace-client-id" option is set to true, the value of "echo-client-id"
          parameter (that governs whether to send back a client-id option or
          not) is ignored.
        </para>

      </section>

      <section id="host-cmds">
        <title>host_cmds: Host Commands</title>
        <para>
          This section describes a hook application that offers a number of new
          commands used to query and manipulate host reservations. Kea provides
          a way to store host reservations in a database. In many larger
          deployments it is useful to be able to manage that information while
          the server is running. This library provides management commands for
          adding, querying and deleting host reservations in a safe way without
          restarting the server.  In particular, it validates the parameters, so
          an attempt to insert incorrect data e.g. add a host with conflicting
          identifier in the same subnet will be rejected. Those commands are
          exposed via command channel (JSON over unix sockets) and Control Agent
          (JSON over RESTful interface). Additional commands and capabilities
          related to host reservations will be added in the future.
        </para>

        <para>Currently this library is only available to ISC customers with a
        support contract.</para>

        <para>
          Currently three commands are supported: reservation-add (which adds
          new host reservation), reservation-get (which returns existing
          reservation if specified criteria are matched) and reservation-del
          (which attempts to delete a reservation matching specified
          criteria). To use commands that change the reservation information
          (currently these are reservation-add and reservation-del, but this
          rule applies to other commands that may be implemented in the future),
          hosts database must be specified (see hosts-database description in
          <xref linkend="hosts-database-configuration4"/> and <xref
          linkend="hosts-database-configuration6"/>) and it must not operate in
          read-only mode. If the hosts-database is not specified or is running
          in read-only mode, the host_cmds library will load, but any attempts
          to use reservation-add or reservation-del will fail.
        </para>

        <para>
          Additional host reservation commands are planned in the future. For
          a description of envisaged commands, see
<ulink url="http://kea.isc.org/wiki/ControlAPIRequirements">Control API
Requirements </ulink> document.</para>

        <para>
          All commands are using JSON syntax. They can be issued either using
          control channel (see <xref linkend="ctrl-channel"/>) or via Control
          Agent (see <xref linkend="kea-ctrl-agent"/>).
        </para>

        <para>
          The library can be loaded in similar way as other hook libraries. It
          does not take any parameters. It supports both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6
          servers.
<screen>
"Dhcp6": { <userinput>
    "hooks-libraries": [
        {
            "library": "/path/libdhcp_host_cmds.so"
        }
        ...
    ] </userinput>
}
</screen>
        </para>

        <section>
          <title>reservation-add command</title>
        <para>
          <command>reservation-add</command> allows insertion of a new host.  It
          takes a set of arguments that vary depending on the nature of the host
          reservation. Any parameters allowed in the configuration file that
          pertain to host reservation are permitted here. For details regarding
          IPv4 reservations, see <xref linkend="host-reservation-v4"/> and <xref
          linkend="host-reservation-v6"/>. There is one notable addition. A
          <command>subnet-id</command> must be specified.  This parameter is
          mandatory, because reservations specified in the configuration file
          are always defined within a subnet, so the subnet they belong to is
          clear. This is not the case with reservation-add, therefore the
          subnet-id must be specified explicitly. An example command can be as
          simple as:
<screen>{
    "command": "reservation-add",
    "arguments": {
        <userinput>"reservation": {
            "subnet-id": 1,
            "hw-address": "1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f",
            "ip-address": "192.0.2.202"
        }</userinput>
    }
}</screen> but can also take many more parameters, for example:

<screen>
{
    "command": "reservation-add",
    "arguments": {
        <userinput>"reservation":
            {
                "subnet-id":1,
                "client-id": "01:0a:0b:0c:0d:0e:0f",
                "ip-address": "192.0.2.205",
                "next-server": "192.0.2.1",
                "server-hostname": "hal9000",
                "boot-file-name": "/dev/null",
                "option-data": [
                    {
                        "name": "domain-name-servers",
                        "data": "10.1.1.202,10.1.1.203"
                    }
                ],
                "client-classes": [ "special_snowflake", "office" ]
            }</userinput>
    }
}</screen>

Here is an example of complex IPv6 reservation:
<screen>
{
    "command": "reservation-add",
    "arguments": {
        <userinput>"reservation":
            {
                "subnet-id":1,
                "duid": "01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08:09:0A",
                "ip-addresses": [ "2001:db8:1:cafe::1" ],
                "prefixes": [ "2001:db8:2:abcd::/64" ],
                "hostname": "foo.example.com",
                "option-data": [
                    {
                        "name": "vendor-opts",
                        "data": "4491"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "tftp-servers",
                        "space": "vendor-4491",
                        "data": "3000:1::234"
                    }
                ]
            }</userinput>
    }
}</screen>
        </para>

        <para>
          The command returns a status that indicates either a success (result
          0) or a failure (result 1). Failed command always includes text
          parameter that explains the cause of failure. Example results:
          <screen>{ "result": 0, "text": "Host added." }</screen> Example failure:
          <screen>{ "result": 1, "text": "Mandatory 'subnet-id' parameter missing." }</screen>
        </para>

        <para>
          As <command>reservation-add</command> is expected to store the host,
          hosts-database parameter must be specified in your configuration and
          the database must not run in read-only mode. In the future versions
          it will be possible to modify the reservations read from a
          configuration file. Please contact ISC if you are interested in this
          functionality.
        </para>
        </section>

        <section>
          <title>reservation-get command</title>
          <para><command>reservation-get</command> can be used to query the host
          database and retrieve existing reservations. There are two types of
          parameters this command supports: (subnet-id, address) or (subnet-id,
          identifier-type, identifier). The first type of query is used when the
          address (either IPv4 or IPv6) is known, but the details of the
          reservation aren't. One common use case of this type of query is to
          find out whether a given address is reserved or not. The second query
          uses identifiers. For maximum flexibility, Kea stores the host
          identifying information as a pair of values: type and the actual
          identifier. Currently supported identifiers are "hw-address", "duid",
          "circuit-id", "client-id" and "flex-id", but additional types may be
          added in the future. If any new identifier types are defined in the
          future, reservation-get command will support them
          automatically.</para>

          <para>
            An example command for getting a host reservation by (subnet-id,
            address) pair looks as follows:
<screen>
{
    "command": "reservation-get",
    "arguments": {
        "subnet-id": 1,
        "ip-address": "192.0.2.202"
    }
}</screen>

An example query by (subnet-id, identifier-type, identifier) looks as follows:
<screen>
{
    "command": "reservation-get",
    "arguments":
        "subnet-id": 4,
        "identifier-type": "hw-address",
        "identifier": "01:02:03:04:05:06"
    }
}</screen>

          </para>
          <para><command>reservation-get</command> typically returns result 0
          when the query was conducted properly. In particular, 0 is returned
          when the host was not found. If the query was successful a number
          of host parameters will be returned. An example of a query that
          did not find the host looks as follows:
<screen>{ "result": 0, "text": "Host not found." }</screen>

An example result returned when the host was found:
<screen>{
  "arguments": {
    "boot-file-name": "bootfile.efi",
    "client-classes": [

    ],
    "hostname": "somehost.example.org",
    "hw-address": "01:02:03:04:05:06",
    "ip-address": "192.0.2.100",
    "next-server": "192.0.0.2",
    "option-data": [

    ],
    "server-hostname": "server-hostname.example.org"
  },
  "result": 0,
  "text": "Host found."
}</screen>

An example result returned when the query was malformed:<screen>
{ "result": 1, "text": "No 'ip-address' provided and 'identifier-type'
                        is either missing or not a string." }</screen>
</para>

        </section>

        <section>
          <title>reservation-del command</title>
          <para><command>reservation-del</command> can be used to delete a
          reservation from the host database. There are two types of parameters
          this command supports: (subnet-id, address) or (subnet-id,
          identifier-type, identifier). The first type of query is used when the
          address (either IPv4 or IPv6) is known, but the details of the
          reservation aren't. One common use case of this type of query is to
          remove a reservation (e.g. you want a specific address to no longer be
          reserved). The second query uses identifiers. For maximum flexibility,
          Kea stores the host identifying information as a pair of values: type
          and the actual identifier. Currently supported identifiers are
          "hw-address", "duid", "circuit-id", "client-id" and "flex-id", but
          additional types may be added in the future. If any new identifier
          types are defined in the future, reservation-get command will support
          them automatically.</para>

          <para>
            An example command for deleting a host reservation by (subnet-id,
            address) pair looks as follows:
<screen>
{
    "command": "reservation-del",
    "arguments": {
        "subnet-id": 1,
        "ip-address": "192.0.2.202"
    }
}</screen>

An example deletion by (subnet-id, identifier-type, identifier) looks as follows:
<screen>
{
    "command": "reservation-del",
    "arguments":
        "subnet-id": 4,
        "identifier-type": "hw-address",
        "identifier": "01:02:03:04:05:06"
    }
}</screen>
          </para>
          <para>
            <command>reservation-del</command> returns result 0 when the host
            deletion was successful or 1 if it was not. A descriptive text is
            provided in case of error. Example results look as follows:
<screen>
{
    "result": 1,
    "text": "Host not deleted (not found)."
}</screen>

<screen>
{
    "result": 0,
    "text": "Host deleted."
}</screen>

<screen>
{
    "result": 1,
    "text": "Unable to delete a host because there is no hosts-database
             configured."
}</screen>
          </para>
        </section>
      </section>

      <!-- ================================================================= -->
      <!-- === lease_cmds ================================================== -->
      <!-- ================================================================= -->

      <section id="lease-cmds">
        <title>lease_cmds: Lease Commands</title>
        <para>
          This section describes the hook library that offers a number of new
          commands used to manage leases. Kea provides a way to store lease
          information in several backends (memfile, MySQL, PostgreSQL and
          Cassandra). This library provides a unified interface that can
          manipulate leases in an unified, safe way. In particular, it allows
          things previously impossible: manipulate leases in memfile while Kea
          is running, sanity check changes, check lease existence and remove all
          leases belonging to specific subnet. It can also catch more obscure
          errors, like adding a lease with subnet-id that does not exist in the
          configuration or configuring a lease to use an address that is outside
          of the subnet to which it is supposed to belong.
        </para>

        <para>There are many use cases when an administrative command may be
        useful: during migration between servers (possibly even between
        different vendors), when a certain network is being retired, when a
        device has been disconnected and the sysadmin knows for sure that it
        will not be coming back. The "get" queries may be useful for automating
        certain management and monitoring tasks. They can also act as
        preparatory steps for lease updates and removals.</para>

        <para>
          This library provides the following commands:
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>lease4-add</command> - adds new IPv4 lease;</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>lease6-add</command> - adds new IPv6 lease;</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>lease4-get</command> - checks if an IPv4 lease with
              the specified parameters exists and returns it if it does;</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>lease6-get</command> - checks if an IPv6 lease with
              the specified parameters exists and returns it if it does;</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>lease4-del</command> - attempts to delete an IPv4
              lease with the specified parameters;</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>lease6-del</command> - attempts to delete an IPv6
              lease with the specified parameters;</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>lease4-update</command> - updates an IPv4 lease;</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>lease6-update</command> - updates an IPv6 lease;</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>lease4-wipe</command> - removes all leases from a
              specific IPv4 subnet;</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>lease6-wipe</command> - removes all leases from a
              specific IPv6 subnet;</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>

        </para>

        <para>Lease commands library is part of the open source code and is
        available to every Kea user.</para>

        <para>
          All commands are using JSON syntax. They can be issued either using
          control channel (see <xref linkend="ctrl-channel"/>) or via Control
          Agent (see <xref linkend="kea-ctrl-agent"/>).
        </para>

        <para>
          The library can be loaded in the same way as other hook libraries. It
          does not take any parameters. It supports both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6
          servers.
<screen>
"Dhcp6": { <userinput>
    "hooks-libraries": [
        {
            "library": "/path/libdhcp_lease_cmds.so"
        }
        ...
    ] </userinput>
}
</screen>
        </para>

        <section>
          <title>lease4-add, lease6-add commands</title>
        <para>
          <command>lease4-add</command> and <command>lease6-add</command>
          commands allow creation of a new lease. Typically Kea creates a lease
          on its own, when it first sees a new device. However, sometimes it may
          be convenient to create the lease administratively. The
          <command>lease4-add</command> command requires at least three
          parameters: an IPv4 address, a subnet-id and an identifier: hardware
          (MAC) address. The simplest successful call might look as follows:
<screen>
{
    "command": "lease4-add",
    "arguments": {
        "subnet-id": 44,
        "ip-address": "192.0.2.202",
        "hw-address": "1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f"
    }
}
</screen>
        </para>

        <para><command>lease6-add</command> command requires four
        parameters: an IPv6 address, a subnet-id, and IAID value
        (identity association identifier, a value sent by clients) and
        a DUID:
<screen>
{
    "command": "lease6-add",
    "arguments": {
        "subnet-id": 66,
        "ip-address": "2001:db8::3",
        "duid": "1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f:20:21:22:23:24",
        "iaid": 1234
    }
}</screen>

<command>lease6-add</command> can be also used to add leases for IPv6
prefixes. In this case there are two parameters that must be
specified: type (set to value of &quot;IA_PD&quot;) and a prefix
length. The actual prefix is set using ip-address field. For example,
to configure a lease for prefix 2001:db8:abcd::/48, the following
command can be used:

<screen>
{
    "command": "lease6-add",
    "arguments": {
        "subnet-id": 66,
        "type": "IA_PD",
        "ip-address": "2001:db8:abcd::",
        "prefix-len": 48,
        "duid": "1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f:20:21:22:23:24",
        "iaid": 1234
    }
}</screen>

The commands can take a number of additional optional parameters:
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>valid-lft</command> - specifies the lifetime of the
              lease, expressed in seconds. If not specified, the value
              configured in the subnet related to specified subnet-id is
              used.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>expire</command> - timestamp of the lease
              expiration time, expressed in unix format (seconds since 1 Jan
              1970). If not specified, the default value is now + valid
              lifetime.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>fqdn-fwd</command> - specifies whether the lease
              should be marked as if forward DNS update was conducted. Note this
              only affects the lease parameter and the actual DNS update will
              not be conducted at the lease insertion time. If configured, a DNS
              update to remove the A or AAAA records will be conducted when the
              lease is removed due to expiration or being released by a
              client. If not specified, the default value is false. Hostname
              parameter must be specified in fqdn-fwd is set to true.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>fqdn-rev</command> - specifies whether the lease
              should be marked as if reverse DNS update was conducted. Note this
              only affects the lease parameter and the actual DNS update will
              not be conducted at the lease insertion time. If configured, a DNS
              update to remove the PTR record will be conducted when the lease
              is removed due to expiration or being released by a client. If not
              specified, the default value is false. Hostname parameter must be
              specified in fqdn-fwd is set to true.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>hostname</command> - specifies the hostname to be
              associated with this lease. Its value must be non-empty if either
              fqdn-fwd or fwdn-rev are set to true. If not specified, the
              default value is an empty string.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>hw-address</command> - hardware (MAC) address can
              be optionally specified for IPv6 lease. It is mandatory parameter
              for IPv4 lease.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>client-id</command> - client identifier is an
              optional parameter that can be specified for IPv4 lease.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para><command>preferred-lft</command> - Preferred lifetime is an
              optional parameter for IPv6 leases. If not specified, the value
              configured for the subnet corresponding to the specified subnet-id
              is used. This parameter is not used in IPv4.</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </para>

        <para>Here's an example of more complex lease addition:

<screen>
{
    "command": "lease6-add",
    "arguments": {
        "subnet-id": 66,
        "ip-address": "2001:db8::3",
        "duid": "01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08",
        "iaid": 1234,
        "hw-address": "1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f",
        "preferred-lft": 500,
        "valid-lft": 1000,
        "expire": 12345678,
        "fqdn-fwd": true,
        "fqdn-rev": true,
        "hostname": "urania.example.org"
    }
}
</screen>
        </para>

        <para>
          The command returns a status that indicates either a success (result
          0) or a failure (result 1). Failed command always includes text
          parameter that explains the cause of failure. Example results:
          <screen>{ "result": 0, "text": "Lease added." }</screen> Example failure:
          <screen>{ "result": 1, "text": "missing parameter 'ip-address' (&lt;string&gt;:3:19)" }</screen>
        </para>


        <section>
          <title>lease4-get, lease6-get commands</title>
          <para><command>lease4-get</command> or <command>lease6-get</command>
          can be used to query the lease database and retrieve existing
          leases. There are two types of parameters the
          <command>lease4-get</command> supports: (address) or (subnet-id,
          identifier-type, identifier). There are two types for
          <command>lease6-get</command>: (address,type) or (subnet-id,
          identifier-type, identifier, IAID, type). The first type of query is
          used when the address (either IPv4 or IPv6) is known, but the details
          of the lease aren't. One common use case of this type of query is to
          find out whether a given address is being used or not. The second
          query uses identifiers. For maximum flexibility, Kea stores the host
          identifying information as a pair of values: type and the actual
          identifier. Currently supported identifiers are "hw-address", "duid",
          "circuit-id", "client-id" and "flex-id", but additional types may be
          added in the future. If any new identifier types are defined in the
          future, reservation-get command will support them
          automatically.</para>

          <para>
            An example <command>lease4-get</command> command for getting a lease
            by an IPv4 address looks as follows:
<screen>
{
    "command": "lease4-get",
    "arguments": {
        "ip-address": "192.0.2.1"
    }
}
</screen>
          </para>

          <para>An example of the <command>lease6-get</command> query
          looks as follows:
<screen>
{
  "command": "lease6-get",
  "arguments": {
    "ip-address": "2001:db8:1234:ab::",
    "type": "IA_PD"
  }
}</screen>
          </para>

          <para>An example query by (subnet-id, identifier-type,
          identifier) for IPv4 lease looks as follows:
<screen>
{
    "command": "lease4-get",
    "arguments": {
        "identifier-type": "hw-address",
        "identifier": "08:08:08:08:08:08",
        "subnet-id": 44
    }
}</screen>

          </para>

          <para>An example query by (subnet-id, identifier-type,
          identifier, iaid, type) for IPv6 lease looks as follows:
<screen>
{
    "command": "lease4-get",
    "arguments": {
        "identifier-type": "duid",
        "identifier": "08:08:08:08:08:08",
        "iaid": 1234567,
        "type": "IA_NA",
        "subnet-id": 44
    }
}</screen>
The type is an optional parameter. Supported values are: IA_NA
(non-temporary address) and IA_PD (IPv6 prefix) are supported.
If not specified, IA_NA is assumed.
          </para>

          <para><command>leaseX-get</command> returns a result that indicates a
          result of the operation and lease details, if found. It has one of the
          following values: 0 (success), 1 (error) or 2 (empty). The empty
          result means that a query has been completed properly, but the object
          (a lease in this case) has not been found. The lease parameters, if
          found, are returned as arguments.
          </para>

          <para>
An example result returned when the host was found:
<screen>{
  "arguments": {
    "client-id": "42:42:42:42:42:42:42:42",
    "cltt": 12345678,
    "fqdn-fwd": false,
    "fqdn-rev": true,
    "hostname": "myhost.example.com.",
    "hw-address": "08:08:08:08:08:08",
    "ip-address": "192.0.2.1",
    "state": 0,
    "subnet-id": 44,
    "valid-lft": 3600
  },
  "result": 0,
  "text": "IPv4 lease found."
}</screen>
</para>

        </section>

        <section>
          <title>lease4-del, lease6-del commands</title>
          <para><command>leaseX-del</command> can be used to delete a lease from
          the lease database. There are two types of parameters this command
          supports, similar to leaseX-get commands: (address) for both v4 and
          v6, (subnet-id, identifier-type, identifier) for v4 and (subnet-id,
          identifier-type, identifier, type, IAID) for v6. The first type of
          query is used when the address (either IPv4 or IPv6) is known, but the
          details of the lease are not. One common use case of this type of query
          is to remove a lease (e.g. you want a specific address to no longer be
          used, no matter who may use it). The second query uses
          identifiers. For maximum flexibility, this interface uses identifiers
          as a pair of values: type and the actual identifier. Currently
          supported identifiers are "hw-address" and "duid", but additional
          types may be added in the future. </para>

          <para>
            An example command for deleting a host reservation by address looks
            as follows:
<screen>
{
    "command": "lease4-del",
    "arguments": {
        "ip-address": "192.0.2.202"
    }
}</screen>

An example IPv4 lease deletion by (subnet-id, identifier-type, identifier) looks
as follows:

<screen>{
  "command": "lease4-del",
  "arguments": {
    "identifier": "08:08:08:08:08:08",
    "identifier-type": "hw-address",
    "subnet-id": 44
  }
}</screen>
          </para>

          <para><command>leaseX-get</command> returns a result that
          indicates a outcome of the operation. It has one of the
          following values: 0 (success), 1 (error) or 2 (empty). The
          empty result means that a query has been completed properly,
          but the object (a lease in this case) has not been found.
          </para>
        </section>

        <section>
          <title>lease4-update, lease6-update commands</title>
          <para><command>lease4-update</command> and
          <command>lease6-update</command> commands can be used to update
          existing leases. Since all lease database backends are indexed by IP
          addresses, it is not possible to update an address. All other fields
          may be updated. If an address needs to be changed, please use
          <command>leaseX-del</command> followed by
          <command>leaseX-add</command> commands.</para>

          <para>To use <command>leaseX-update</command> the lease must
          be present in the lease database. If the lease is not there,
          an error will be returned. Please use
          <command>leaseX-add</command> to add new leases. You may
          check if a lease is present using
          <command>leaseX-get</command>, if needed.</para>

          <para>
            An example command updating IPv4 lease looks as follows:
<screen>{
  "command": "lease4-update",
  "arguments": {
    "ip-address": "192.0.2.1",
    "hostname": "newhostname.example.org",
    "hw-address": "1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f",
    "subnet-id": 44
  }
}</screen>
          </para>

          <para>
            An example command updating IPv6 lease looks as follows:
<screen>{
  "command": "lease6-update",
  "arguments": {
    "ip-address": "2001:db8::1",
    "duid": "88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88",
    "iaid": 7654321,
    "hostname": "newhostname.example.org",
    "subnet-id": 66
  }
}</screen>
          </para>
        </section>

        <section>
          <title>lease4-wipe, lease6-wipe commands</title>
          <para><command>lease4-wipe</command> and
          <command>lease6-wipe</command> are designed to remove all
          leases associated with a given subnet. This administrative
          task is expected to be used when existing subnet is being
          retired. Note that the leases are not properly expired,
          there are no DNS updates conducted, no log messages and
          hooks are not called for leases being removed.</para>

          <para>An example of <command>lease4-wipe</command> looks as follows:
<screen>{
  "command": "lease4-wipe",
  "arguments": {
    "subnet-id": 44
  }
}</screen>
          </para>

          <para>An example of <command>lease6-wipe</command> looks as follows:
<screen>{
  "command": "lease6-wipe",
  "arguments": {
    "subnet-id": 66
  }
}</screen>
          </para>

          <para>The commands return a textual description of the
          number of leases removed and 0 (success) status code if any
          leases were removed and 2 (empty) if there were no
          leases. Status code 1 (error) may be returned in case the
          parameters are incorrect or some other exception is
          encountered.</para>

          <para>Note: not all backends support this command.</para>
        </section>
      </section>
    </section>

      <section id="subnet-cmds">
        <title>subnet_cmds: Subnet Commands</title>
        <para>
          This section describes a hook application that offers a number of new
          commands used to query and manipulate subnet configurations in Kea.
          This application is very useful in deployments with a large number of
          subnets being managed by the DHCP servers and when the subnets are
          frequently updated. The commands offer lightweight approach for
          manipulating subnets without a need to fully reconfigure the server
          and without affecting existing servers' configurations.
        </para>

        <para>Currently this library is only available to ISC customers with a
        support contract.</para>

        <para>The following commands are currently supported:
        <itemizedlist mark='bullet'>
          <listitem>
            <simpara><command>subnet4-list/subnet6-list</command>: lists all configured subnets
            </simpara>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
          <simpara>
            <command>subnet4-get/subnet6-get</command>: retrieves detailed information about a selected subnet
          </simpara>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
          <simpara>
            <command>subnet4-add/subnet6-add</command>: adds new subnet into server's configuration
          </simpara>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
          <simpara>
            <command>subnet4-del/subnet6-del</command>: removes a subnet from the server's configuration
          </simpara>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        </para>

        <section>
          <title>subnet4-list command</title>
          <para>
            This command is used to list all currently configured subnets. The
            subnets are returned in a brief form, i.e. a subnet identifier
            and subnet prefix is included for each subnet. In order to retrieve
            the detailed information about the subnet the
            <command>subnet4-get</command> should be used.
          </para>
          <para>
            This command has the simple structure:
<screen>
{
    "command": "subnet4-list"
}
</screen>
          </para>
          <para>
            The list of subnets returned as a result of this command is returned
            in the following format:
<screen>
{
    "result": 0,
    "text": "2 IPv4 subnets found",
    "arguments": {
    "subnets": [
        {
            "id": 10,
            "subnet": "10.0.0.0/8"
        },
        {
            "id": 100,
            "subnet": "192.0.2.0/24"
        }
    ]
}
</screen>
          </para>
          <para>
            If no IPv4 subnets are found, an error code is returned along with
            the error description.
          </para>
        </section>

        <section>
          <title>subnet6-list command</title>
          <para>
            This command is used to list all currently configured subnets. The
            subnets are returned in a brief form, i.e. a subnet identifier
            and subnet prefix is included for each subnet. In order to retrieve
            the detailed information about the subnet the
            <command>subnet6-get</command> should be used.
          </para>
          <para>
            This command has the simple structure:
<screen>
{
    "command": "subnet6-list"
}
</screen>
          </para>
          <para>
            The list of subnets returned as a result of this command is returned
            in the following format:
<screen>
{
    "result": 0,
    "text": "2 IPv6 subnets found",
    "arguments": {
    "subnets": [
        {
            "id": 11,
            "subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64"
        },
        {
            "id": 233,
            "subnet": "3000::/16"
        }
    ]
}
</screen>
          </para>
          <para>
            If no IPv6 subnets are found, an error code is returned along with
            the error description.
          </para>
        </section>

      <section>
        <title>subnet4-get command</title>
        <para>This command is used to retrieve detailed information about the
        specified subnet. This command usually follows the
        <command>subnet4-list</command>, which is used to discover available
        subnets with their respective subnet identifiers and prefixes. Any of
        those parameters can be then used in <command>subnet4-get</command>
        to fetch subnet information:
<screen>
{
    "command": "subnet4-get",
    "arguments": {
        "id": 10
    }
}</screen>

or

<screen>
{
    "command": "subnet4-get",
    "arguments": {
        "subnet": "10.0.0.0/8"
    }
}
</screen>
        </para>

        <para>
          If the subnet exists the response will be similar to this:
<screen>
{
    "result": 0,
    "text": "Info about IPv4 subnet 10.0.0.0/8 (id 10) returned",
    "arguments": {
        "subnets": [
            {
                "subnet": "10.0.0.0/8",
                "id": 1,
                "option-data": [
                    ....
                ]
                ...
            }
        ]
    }
}

</screen>
        </para>
      </section>

      <section>
        <title>subnet6-get command</title>
        <para>This command is used to retrieve detailed information about the
        specified subnet. This command usually follows the
        <command>subnet6-list</command>, which is used to discover available
        subnets with their respective subnet identifiers and prefixes. Any of
        those parameters can be then used in <command>subnet6-get</command>
        to fetch subnet information:
<screen>
{
    "command": "subnet6-get",
    "arguments": {
        "id": 11
    }
}
</screen>

or

<screen>
{
    "command": "subnet6-get",
    "arguments": {
        "subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64"
    }
}</screen>

If the subnet exists the response will be similar to this:
<screen>
{
    "result": 0,
    "text": "Info about IPv6 subnet 2001:db8:1::/64 (id 11) returned",
    "arguments": {
        "subnets": [
            {
                "subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
                "id": 1,
                "option-data": [
                    ...
                ]
                ....
            }
        ]
    }
}
</screen>
        </para>
      </section>

      <section>
        <title>subnet4-add</title>
        <para>
          This command is used to create and add new subnet to the existing
          server configuration. This operation has no impact on other
          subnets. The subnet identifier must be specified and must be
          unique among all subnets. If the identifier or a subnet prefix is
          not unique an error is reported and the subnet is not added.
        </para>
        <para>
          The subnet information within this command has the same structure
          as the subnet information in the server configuration file with the
          exception that static host reservations must not be specified
          within <command>subnet4-add</command>. The commands described in
          <xref linkend="host-cmds"/> should be used to add, remove and
          modify static reservations.
<screen>
{
    "command": "subnet4-add",
    "arguments": {
        "subnets": [ {
            "id": 123,
            "subnet": "10.20.30.0/24",
            ...
        } ]
    }
}
</screen>
        </para>

        <para>
          The response to this command has the following structure:
<screen>
{
    "result": 0,
    "text": "IPv4 subnet added",
    "arguments": {
        "subnets": [
            {
                "id": 123,
                "subnet": "10.20.30.0/24"
            }
        ]
    }
}
</screen>
        </para>
      </section>

      <section>
        <title>subnet6-add</title>
        <para>
          This command is used to create and add new subnet to the existing
          server configuration. This operation has no impact on other
          subnets. The subnet identifier must be specified and must be
          unique among all subnets. If the identifier or a subnet prefix is
          not unique an error is reported and the subnet is not added.
        </para>
        <para>
          The subnet information within this command has the same structure
          as the subnet information in the server configuration file with the
          exception that static host reservations must not be specified
          within <command>subnet6-add</command>. The commands described in
          <xref linkend="host-cmds"/> should be used to add, remove and
          modify static reservations.
<screen>
{
    "command": "subnet6-add",
    "arguments": {
        "subnet6": [ {
            "id": 234,
            "subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
            ...
        } ]
    }
}
</screen>
        </para>

        <para>
          The response to this command has the following structure:
<screen>
{
    "result": 0,
    "text": "IPv6 subnet added",
    "arguments": {
        "subnet6": [
            {
                "id": 234,
                "subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64"
            }
        ]
    }
}
</screen>
        </para>

        <para>
          It is recommended, but not mandatory to specify subnet
          id. If not specified, Kea will try to assign the next
          subnet-id value. This automatic ID value generator is
          simple. It returns a previously automatically assigned value
          increased by 1. This works well, unless you manually create
          a subnet with a value bigger than previously used. For
          example, if you call subnet4-add five times, each without
          id, Kea will assign IDs: 1,2,3,4 and 5 and it will work just
          fine. However, if you try to call subnet4-add five times,
          with the first subnet having subnet-id of value 3 and
          remaining ones having no subnet-id, it will fail. The first
          command (with explicit value) will use subnet-id 3, the
          second command will create a subnet with id of 1, the third
          will use value of 2 and finally the fourth will have the
          subnet-id value auto-generated as 3. However, since there is
          already a subnet with that id, it will fail.
        </para>
        <para>
          The general recommendation is to either: never use explicit
          values (so the auto-generated values will always work) or
          always use explicit values (so the auto-generation is never
          used). You can mix those two approaches only if you
          understand how the internal automatic subnet-id generation works.
        </para>

      </section>

      <section>
        <title>subnet4-del command</title>
        <para>
          This command is used to remove a subnet from the server's configuration.
          This command has no effect on other configured subnets but removing
          a subnet has certain implications which the server's administrator
          should be aware of.
        </para>
        <para>
          In most cases the server has assigned some leases to the clients
          belonging to the subnet. The server may also be configured with
          static host reservations which are associated with this subnet.
          The current implementation of the <command>subnet4-del</command>
          removes neither the leases nor host reservations associated with
          a subnet. This is the safest approach because the server doesn't
          loose track of leases assigned to the clients from this subnet.
          However, removal of the subnet may still cause configuration
          errors and conflicts. For example: after removal of the subnet,
          the server administrator may add a new subnet with the ID used
          previously for the removed subnet. This means that the existing
          leases and static reservations will be in conflict with this
          new subnet. Thus, we recommend that this command is used with extreme
          caution.
        </para>

        <para>The command has the following structure:
<screen>
{
    "command": "subnet4-del",
    "arguments": {
        "id": 123
    }
}
</screen>
        </para>
        <para>
          The example successful response may look like this:
<screen>
{
    "result": 0,
    "text": "IPv4 subnet 192.0.2.0/24 (id 123) deleted",
    "arguments": {
        "subnets": [
            {
                "id": 123,
                "subnet": "192.0.2.0/24"
            }
        ]
    }
}
</screen>
        </para>
      </section>

      <section>
        <title>subnet6-del command</title>
        <para>
          This command is used to remove a subnet from the server's configuration.
          This command has no effect on other configured subnets but removing
          a subnet has certain implications which the server's administrator
          should be aware of.
        </para>
        <para>
          In most cases the server has assigned some leases to the clients
          belonging to the subnet. The server may also be configured with
          static host reservations which are associated with this subnet.
          The current implementation of the <command>subnet6-del</command>
          removes neither the leases nor host reservations associated with
          a subnet. This is the safest approach because the server doesn't
          loose track of leases assigned to the clients from this subnet.
          However, removal of the subnet may still cause configuration
          errors and conflicts. For example: after removal of the subnet,
          the server administrator may add a new subnet with the ID used
          previously for the removed subnet. This means that the existing
          leases and static reservations will be in conflict with this
          new subnet. Thus, we recommend that this command is used with extreme
          caution.
        </para>

        <para>The command has the following structure:
<screen>
{
    "command": "subnet6-del",
    "arguments": {
        "id": 234
    }
}
</screen>
        </para>
        <para>
          The example successful response may look like this:
<screen>
{
    "result": 0,
    "text": "IPv6 subnet 2001:db8:1::/64 (id 234) deleted",
    "subnets": [
        {
            "id": 234,
            "subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64"
        }
    ]
}
</screen>
        </para>
      </section>

    </section>
</section> <!-- end of subnet commands -->

    <section id="user-context">
      <title>User contexts</title>
      <para>Hook libraries can have their own configuration parameters. That is
      convenient if the parameter applies to the whole library. However,
      sometimes it is very useful if certain configuration entities are extended
      with additional configuration data. This is where the concept of user
      contexts comes in. A sysadmin can define an arbitrary set of data and
      attach it to Kea structures, as long as the data is specified as JSON map.
      In particular, it is possible to define fields that are integers, strings,
      boolean, lists and maps. It is possible to define nested structures of
      arbitrary complexity. Kea does not use that data on its own, simply stores
      and makes it available for the hook libraries.
      </para>
      <para>
        Another use case for user contexts may be storing comments and other
        information that will be retained by Kea. Regular comments are discarded
        when configuration is loaded, but user contexts are retained. This is
        useful if you want your comments to survive config-set, config-get
        operations for example.
      </para>
      <para>
        As of Kea 1.3, the structures that allow user contexts are pools of all
        types (addresses and prefixes) and subnets. These are supported in both
        DHCPv4 and DHCPv6. It is expected that other structures will be extended
        in the future to provide the user context capability.
      </para>
    </section>



   </chapter> <!-- hooks-libraries -->